Reshaping the Earth

            As what I have read in the encyclopedia, “Air and water are essential to life on Earth. Human activity, can sometimes damage their purity and make them polluted or dirty.”

Air Pollution:

Air is considered to be polluted when it contains enough harmful impurities to affect the health, safety, or comfort of living things. The term pollution, usually means damage to the environment caused by human activity. Vehicles such as cars and airplanes give out exhaust fumes. Factories burn fossil fuels, such as coal, and chemicals, and release waste matter into the air.

            When people use fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, and coal, carbon dioxide and other gases are released into the air. These gases act like the glass in a greenhouse which traps the heat from the sun. This “greenhouse effect” causes the atmosphere to warm and world temperatures continue to rise.

Water pollution:

            Water just like air is polluted when it contains harmful impurities that affect living things. Pollution of water can also have natural causes. Storms can cause soil and other debris to dissolve in water. But, as with air pollution, human activity causes the most damage to water supplies. Factories release harmful chemicals into rivers and lakes. Sewage which is the household waste from toilets, sinks and bathtubs, pumps into the oceans. If an oil tanker sinks, thousands of tons of oil can cover the surface of the sea and the shore. As a result, fish, birds and other wildlife die. Waste material on land can also pollute groundwater because groundwater contains soil and rocks. Dangerous material can pass into the food cycle through crops or animal feed.

The Geosciences

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            Earth science is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences. The third planet from the sun: Earth, is the only known as the “life-bearing planet”- the planet we live on and Science is the study of events in the world that is trying to explain in a logical and orderly way on how everything happens, a system of acquiring knowledge and it is systematic and organized body of knowledge. In this case, if you will combine the two, Earth + Science makes it the Earth Science which means the term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. The geosciences may include the study of the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere, and also the solid earth.

The following are the fields of science which are generally categorized within the geosciences.

* Geology is a very wide field of study because geology is split into many minor sciences which describes the rocky parts of the Earth’s crust or lithosphere and its development.

* Geophysics and Geodesy investigate the shape of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its gravity.

* Soil science or pedosphere covers the outermost layer of the Earth’s crust which is the soil formation.

* Oceanography and hydrology describe the marine and freshwater domains of the watery parts of the Earth or hydrosphere.

* Glaciology covers the icy parts of the Earth or the cryosphere.

* Atmospheric sciences cover the gaseous parts of the Earth or atmosphere between the surface and the exosphere.

* A very important linking sphere is the biosphere, the zone of life on Earth, the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere create the conditions that can support life.